The chromatographic fingerprint was established for evaluating and controlling the quality of Fructus schisandrae chinensis by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Ten different original samples were analyzed, and the chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus schisandrae chinensis was constructed with 26 fingerprint peaks, among which 19 peaks were common fingerprint peaks and 5 main compounds were identified using the Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Version 2004 A) recommended by State Food & Drug Administration. Methods of vector cosine and correlation coefficient were used to calculate the similarity of ten samples, and satisfactory results were obtained. The chromatographic fingerprint can be used to differentiate the raw materials from different sources and be served as a powerful tool for the further quality control of Fructus schisandrae chinensis.