[Informations on psychotropics and their adaptations for patients suffering from mental disorders in France during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic]

Encephale. 2020 Jun;46(3S):S14-S34. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.006. Epub 2020 May 4.
[Article in French]

Abstract

The 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has dramatic consequences on populations in terms of morbidity and mortality and in social terms, the general confinement of almost half of the world's population being a situation unprecedented in history, which is difficult today to measure the impact at the individual and collective levels. More specifically, it affects people with various risk factors, which are more frequent in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. Psychiatrists need to know: (i) how to identify, the risks associated with the prescription of psychotropic drugs and which can prove to be counterproductive in their association with COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), (ii) how to assess in terms of benefit/risk ratio, the implication of any hasty and brutal modification on psychotropic drugs that can induce confusion for a differential diagnosis with the evolution of COVID-19. We carried out a review of the literature aimed at assessing the specific benefit/risk ratio of psychotropic treatments in patients suffering from COVID-19. Clinically, symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 (fever, cough, dyspnea, digestive signs) can be caused by various psychotropic drugs and require vigilance to avoid false negatives and false positives. In infected patients, psychotropic drugs should be used with caution, especially in the elderly, considering the pulmonary risk. Lithium and Clozapine, which are the reference drugs in bipolar disorder and resistant schizophrenia, warrant specific attention. For these two treatments the possibility of a reduction in the dosage - in case of minimal infectious signs and in a situation, which does not allow rapid control - should ideally be considered taking into account the clinical response (even biological; plasma concentrations) observed in the face of previous dose reductions. Tobacco is well identified for its effects as an inducer of CYP1A2 enzyme. In a COVID+ patient, the consequences of an abrupt cessation of smoking, particularly related with the appearance of respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea), must therefore be anticipated for patients receiving psychotropics metabolized by CYP1A2. Plasma concentrations of these drugs are expected to decrease and can be related to an increase risk of relapse. The symptomatic treatments used in COVID-19 have frequent interactions with the most used psychotropics. If there is no curative treatment for infection to SARS-CoV-2, the interactions of the various molecules currently tested with several classes of psychotropic drugs (antidepressants, antipsychotics) are important to consider because of the risk of changes in cardiac conduction. Specific knowledge on COVID-19 remains poor today, but we must recommend rigor in this context in the use of psychotropic drugs, to avoid adding, in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders, potentially vulnerable in the epidemic context, an iatrogenic risk or loss of efficiency.

La pandémie 2019–20 liée au coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 ; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) a des conséquences dramatiques sur les populations en termes de morbi-mortalité et en terme social, le confinement général de près de la moitié de la population mondiale étant une situation inédite dans l’histoire, dont il est difficile aujourd’hui de mesurer l’impact aux niveaux individuel et collectif. Elle touche plus spécifiquement des personnes présentant différents facteurs de risque, qui sont plus fréquents chez les patients souffrant de troubles psychiatriques. Nous avons pratiqué une revue de la littérature visant à permettre d’évaluer le rapport bénéfice/risque spécifique des traitements psychotropes chez des patients souffrant de COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Sur le plan clinique, les symptômes évocateurs de la COVID-19 (fièvre, toux, dyspnée, signes digestifs) peuvent être provoqués par différents psychotropes et imposent une vigilance pour éviter faux négatifs et faux positifs. Chez les patients atteints, les psychotropes doivent être maniés avec prudence notamment chez les sujets âgés, en prenant en compte le risque pulmonaire. Lithium et Clozapine, qui sont des médicaments de référence dans le trouble bipolaire et la schizophrénie résistante, justifient une attention spécifique. Le sevrage tabagique nécessaire dans les situations d’insuffisance respiratoire justifie un ajustement posologique pour éviter une mauvaise tolérance des traitements habituels. Les traitements symptomatiques utilisés dans la COVID-19 ont de fréquentes interactions avec les psychotropes les plus utilisés. S’il n’existe pas de traitement curatif de l’infection au SARS-CoV-2, les interactions des différentes molécules actuellement testées avec plusieurs classes de psychotropes (antidépresseurs, antipsychotiques) sont importantes à prendre en compte du fait de risque de modification de la conduction cardiaque. Les connaissances spécifiques sur la COVID-19 restent pauvres aujourd’hui, mais il faut recommander la rigueur, dans ce contexte, lors du maniement des psychotropes, pour éviter de rajouter, chez les patients souffrant de troubles psychiatriques, potentiellement vulnérables dans le contexte épidémique, un risque iatrogène ou de perte d’efficacité.

Keywords: COVID-19; Drug interactions; Intéractions médicamenteuses; Psychotropes; Psychotropics.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Age Factors
  • Antiviral Agents / adverse effects
  • Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use
  • Betacoronavirus*
  • Biotransformation
  • COVID-19
  • COVID-19 Drug Treatment
  • Cardiovascular Diseases / chemically induced
  • Comorbidity
  • Continuity of Patient Care
  • Coronavirus Infections* / drug therapy
  • Coronavirus Infections* / epidemiology
  • Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / metabolism
  • Drug Interactions
  • Fever / chemically induced
  • France / epidemiology
  • Gastrointestinal Diseases / chemically induced
  • Humans
  • Mental Disorders / chemically induced
  • Mental Disorders / drug therapy*
  • Mental Disorders / epidemiology
  • Pandemics*
  • Pharmaceutical Preparations / supply & distribution
  • Pneumonia, Viral* / drug therapy
  • Pneumonia, Viral* / epidemiology
  • Psychotropic Drugs / administration & dosage
  • Psychotropic Drugs / adverse effects
  • Psychotropic Drugs / pharmacokinetics
  • Psychotropic Drugs / therapeutic use*
  • Respiration Disorders / chemically induced
  • Risk Assessment
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Symptom Assessment

Substances

  • Antiviral Agents
  • Pharmaceutical Preparations
  • Psychotropic Drugs
  • CYP1A2 protein, human
  • Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2