SARS-CoV-2 Antigenemia as a Confounding Factor in Immunodiagnostic Assays: A Case Study

Viruses. 2021 Jun 14;13(6):1143. doi: 10.3390/v13061143.

Abstract

Humoral immunity has emerged as a vital immune component against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nevertheless, a subset of recovered Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) paucisymptomatic/asymptomatic individuals do not generate an antibody response, constituting a paradox. We assumed that immunodiagnostic assays may operate under a competitive format within the context of antigenemia, potentially explaining this phenomenon. We present a case where persistent antigenemia/viremia was documented for at least 73 days post-symptom onset using 'in-house' methodology, and as it progressively declined, seroconversion took place late, around day 55, supporting our hypothesis. Thus, prolonged SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia/viremia could mask humoral responses, rendering, in certain cases, the phenomenon of 'non-responders' a misnomer.

Keywords: COVID-19; ELISA; SARS-CoV-2; antibody; antigenemia; immunodiagnostics; immunoprevalence; non-responders; seroconversion; viremia.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Antibodies, Viral / blood*
  • Antibodies, Viral / metabolism
  • Antigens, Viral / blood*
  • Antigens, Viral / immunology*
  • Antigens, Viral / metabolism
  • Binding Sites, Antibody
  • COVID-19 / blood
  • COVID-19 / diagnosis*
  • COVID-19 / immunology
  • COVID-19 / virology
  • COVID-19 Serological Testing / standards*
  • COVID-19 Serological Testing / statistics & numerical data
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Humoral / immunology
  • Immunoglobulin G / blood
  • Male
  • SARS-CoV-2 / immunology*
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Seroconversion
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Antigens, Viral
  • Immunoglobulin G