Factors driving the compositional diversity of Apis mellifera bee venom from a Corymbia calophylla (marri) ecosystem, Southwestern Australia

PLoS One. 2021 Jun 30;16(6):e0253838. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253838. eCollection 2021.

Abstract

Bee venom (BV) is the most valuable product harvested from honeybees ($30 - $300 USD per gram) but marginally produced in apiculture. Though widely studied and used in alternative medicine, recent efforts in BV research have focused on its therapeutic and cosmetic applications, for the treatment of degenerative and infectious diseases. The protein and peptide composition of BV is integral to its bioactivity, yet little research has investigated the ecological factors influencing the qualitative and quantitative variations in the BV composition. Bee venom from Apis mellifera ligustica (Apidae), collected over one flowering season of Corymbia calophylla (Myrtaceae; marri) was characterized to test if the protein composition and amount of BV variation between sites is influenced by i) ecological factors (temperature, relative humidity, flowering index and stage, nectar production); ii) management (nutritional supply and movement of hives); and/or iii) behavioural factors. BV samples from 25 hives across a 200 km-latitudinal range in Southwestern Australia were collected using stimulatory devices. We studied the protein composition of BV by mass spectrometry, using a bottom-up proteomics approach. Peptide identification utilised sequence homology to the A. mellifera reference genome, assembling a BV peptide profile representative of 99 proteins, including a number of previously uncharacterised BV proteins. Among ecological factors, BV weight and protein diversity varied by temperature and marri flowering stage but not by index, this latter suggesting that inter and intra-year flowering index should be further explored to better appreciate this influence. Site influenced BV protein diversity and weight difference in two sites. Bee behavioural response to the stimulator device impacted both the protein profile and weight, whereas management factors did not. Continued research using a combination of proteomics, and bio-ecological approaches is recommended to further understand causes of BV variation in order to standardise and improve the harvest practice and product quality attributes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Bee Venoms / analysis*
  • Bees / chemistry*
  • Behavior, Animal
  • Chromatography, Liquid
  • Ecosystem*
  • Flowers / physiology
  • Insect Proteins / analysis
  • Principal Component Analysis
  • Seasons
  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry
  • Western Australia

Substances

  • Bee Venoms
  • Insect Proteins

Grants and funding

This study was funded by Western Australian Department of Primary Industries Regional Development, Export Competitiveness Grants, grant ECG007, and by the Fight Food Waste Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) grant 2.1.2. The funders provided support in the form of salaries and on-costs to authors [DS, KD, TL, JG, LM, TC, BW, CP], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The study was led and managed by ChemCentre, a Western Australian State Government Statutory Body that provided the venom isolation and analytical chemistry and is the repository of the research record and data.