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Lost by Design.
Ciacci L, Reck BK, Nassar NT, Graedel TE. Ciacci L, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Aug 18;49(16):9443-51. doi: 10.1021/es505515z. Epub 2015 Mar 4. Environ Sci Technol. 2015. PMID: 25690919
In many cases the resulting dissipation rates are higher than 50%. Among others, specialty metals (e.g., gallium, indium, and thallium) and some heavy rare earth elements are representative of modern technology, and their loss provides a measure of the degree of unsustaina …
In many cases the resulting dissipation rates are higher than 50%. Among others, specialty metals (e.g., gallium, indium, and thalliu …
Criticality of metals and metalloids.
Graedel TE, Harper EM, Nassar NT, Nuss P, Reck BK. Graedel TE, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 7;112(14):4257-62. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500415112. Epub 2015 Mar 23. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015. PMID: 25831527 Free PMC article.
The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of platinum group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implications; and steel alloying elements ( …
The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely thos …
Criticality of non-fuel minerals: a review of major approaches and analyses.
Erdmann L, Graedel TE. Erdmann L, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Sep 15;45(18):7620-30. doi: 10.1021/es200563g. Epub 2011 Aug 26. Environ Sci Technol. 2011. PMID: 21834560 Review.
We survey the literature and analyze several well documented studies in depth, demonstrating that the platinum group metals (e.g., essential for catalytic reduction of air pollutants), and the rare earth elements (e.g., essential for efficient electricity generation …
We survey the literature and analyze several well documented studies in depth, demonstrating that the platinum group metals (e.g., es …
Methodology of metal criticality determination.
Graedel TE, Barr R, Chandler C, Chase T, Choi J, Christoffersen L, Friedlander E, Henly C, Jun C, Nassar NT, Schechner D, Warren S, Yang MY, Zhu C. Graedel TE, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 17;46(2):1063-70. doi: 10.1021/es203534z. Epub 2012 Jan 6. Environ Sci Technol. 2012. PMID: 22191617
Vulnerability to supply restriction differs with the organizational level (i.e., global, national, and corporate). The criticality methodology, an enhancement of a United States National Research Council template, is designed to help corporate, national, and global stakeho …
Vulnerability to supply restriction differs with the organizational level (i.e., global, national, and corporate). The criticality me …
Deriving the Metal and Alloy Networks of Modern Technology.
Ohno H, Nuss P, Chen WQ, Graedel TE. Ohno H, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Apr 5;50(7):4082-90. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05093. Epub 2016 Mar 16. Environ Sci Technol. 2016. PMID: 26927531
Using the 2007 United States IO table, we calculate the flows of eight metals (i.e., manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, tungsten, and cobalt) and simultaneously visualize them as a network. ...Furthermore, by looking at the flows of alloys into met …
Using the 2007 United States IO table, we calculate the flows of eight metals (i.e., manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, niobium …
Criticality of iron and its principal alloying elements.
Nuss P, Harper EM, Nassar NT, Reck BK, Graedel TE. Nuss P, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Apr 1;48(7):4171-7. doi: 10.1021/es405044w. Epub 2014 Mar 24. Environ Sci Technol. 2014. PMID: 24597917
In this paper, we apply this methodology to iron and several of its main alloying elements (i.e., vanadium, chromium, manganese, and niobium). These elements represent the basic metals of any industrial society and are vital for national security and economic well-being. . …
In this paper, we apply this methodology to iron and several of its main alloying elements (i.e., vanadium, chromium, manganese, and …
Dining at the periodic table: metals concentrations as they relate to recycling.
Johnson J, Harper EM, Lifset R, Graedel TE. Johnson J, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Mar 1;41(5):1759-65. doi: 10.1021/es060736h. Environ Sci Technol. 2007. PMID: 17405228
The concentrations of metals in products (e.g., printed wiring boards and automobiles) and waste streams (e.g., municipal solid waste, and construction and demolition debris) were plotted with this correlation. ...It was found that most of the metals that are curren …
The concentrations of metals in products (e.g., printed wiring boards and automobiles) and waste streams (e.g., municipal soli …
Illuminating tungsten's life cycle in the United States: 1975-2000.
Harper EM, Graedel TE. Harper EM, et al. Environ Sci Technol. 2008 May 15;42(10):3835-42. doi: 10.1021/es070646s. Environ Sci Technol. 2008. PMID: 18546731
The tungsten embodied in products used in applications other than transportation is discarded (i.e., enters the waste stream, which encompasses both material that is eventually landfilled and that is eventually recycled) in the same year it enters service. ...
The tungsten embodied in products used in applications other than transportation is discarded (i.e., enters the waste stream, which e …