A cohort study reveals different dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody formation after Comirnaty and Vaxzevria vaccination

Vaccine. 2023 Jul 31;41(34):5037-5044. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.008. Epub 2023 Jun 21.

Abstract

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Disease Pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions of people worldwide, prompting a collective effort from the global scientific community to develop a vaccine against it. This study purports to investigate the influence of factors such as sex, age, type of vaccination (Comirnaty, BNT162b2, Pfizer Inc. or Vaxzevria, ChAdOx1-S, Oxford/AstraZeneca), and time since vaccine administration on the process of antibody production. Both of them are based on the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) to the body using different mechanisms (mRNA and recombinant adenovirus, respectively). S protein is responsible for host cell attachment and penetration via its receptor-binding domain (RBD domain). The level of anti-RBD IgG antibodies was tested with an ELISA-based immunodiagnostic assay in serum samples from a total of 1395 patients at 3 time points: before vaccination, after the first dose, and after the second dose. Our novel statistical model, the Generalized Additive Model, revealed variability in antibody production dynamics for both vaccines. Interestingly, no discernible variation in antibody levels between men and women was found. A nonlinear relationship between age and antibody production was observed, characterized by decreased antibody levels for people up to 30 and over 60 years of age, with a lack of correlation in the middle age range. Collectively, our findings further the understanding of the mechanism driving vaccine-induced immunity. Additionally, we propose the Generalized Additive Model as a standardized way of presenting data in similar research.

Keywords: COVID-19; Immunodiagnostics; SARS-CoV-2; Social health; Vaccination.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Antibody Formation
  • BNT162 Vaccine*
  • COVID-19* / prevention & control
  • ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
  • Cohort Studies
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
  • Vaccination

Substances

  • spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
  • BNT162 Vaccine
  • ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus