A series of terpyridine-based zinc(ii) complexes assembled for third-order nonlinear optical responses in the near-infrared region and recognizing lipid membranes

J Mater Chem B. 2017 Aug 21;5(31):6348-6355. doi: 10.1039/c7tb01063j. Epub 2017 Jul 31.

Abstract

Two-photon (TP) microscopy has advantages for biological imaging in that it allows deeper tissue-penetration and excellent resolution compared with one-photon (OP) microscopy. Herein, two-photon activated nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, a terpyridine derivative ligand with a donor-acceptor (D-A) model and its corresponding four zinc(ii) complexes (Z1-Z4), were assembled and fully characterized. Based on their systematic photophysical investigations, it was found that the third-order NLO response in the near-infrared (NIR) region was significantly enhanced for the symmetrical complex Z4 compared with the other asymmetric complexes (Z1-Z3). To further explore its utility in biological systems, Z4 was selected as a two-photon probe for cellular lipid membranes, which was confirmed both by two-photon confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, it was found that the fluorescence intensity was enhanced for complex Z4 with the addition of bioactive liposomes (1 μg mL-1). Its recognition mechanism was demonstrated by experimental methods, as well as molecular modeling calculations. These findings should open a new pathway for functional metal complexes as lipid membrane targeting probes.