Design and Performance Analysis of a Constellation of Nanosatellites to Monitor Water Quality in the Southern Catchment of the Baltic Sea

The quality of inland waters has a significant influence on human life and the functioning of the environment. The disasters that result from water pollution may cause major financial losses and lead to irreversible changes in the ecosystem, such as the dying out of endemic species of plants and animals. Quick detection of pollution sources may minimise those negative effects and reduce the costs of their elimination. The study presents a constellation design that provides imagery in the optic range and that might supplement the point water quality measurements that are conducted in situ. The area of interest was the southern catchment of the Baltic Sea and the main rivers in the region. The requirements for the designed mission were defined in reference to the remote sensing needs concerning the monitoring of water quality, the characteristics of the analysed area, and weather conditions. Based on these requirements, the Simera Sense MultiScape100 CIS sensor and the M6P nanosatellite manufactured by NanoAvionics were selected. The authors proposed a process for selecting the optimum orbit, taking into account the area of interest, the possibilities of the satellite platform, and of the sensor's optics. As a result of the analyses, four concepts of creating a constellation were presented. Each constellation consisted of four nanosatellites. The designs were then subjected to performance analysis, considering the lighting limitations. Among the proposed systems, the constellation designed by the authors was distinguished; it used four orbital planes and achieved the coverage and availability of imagery in the time that was best suited to monitoring the waters. Thanks to a small number of platforms, the costs of the mission are relatively low, and it might significantly improve awareness of the current state of surface waters in the southern catchment of the Baltic Sea.