Human hazard potential of nanocellulose: quantitative insights from the literature

This review aims to elucidate the current knowledge and future research needs regarding the hazard potential of nanocellulose to human health. Growing interest from research and industry alike has led to increasing likelihood of human contact to the material via various exposure routes. Although a number of comprehensive reviews on human health hazards of nanocellulose have been conducted, this paper brings new insights as it systematically analyzes and quantitatively assesses the results of in vivo and in vitro tests in terms of investigated endpoints, tested concentration ranges, physicochemical properties, surface modifications and source of the tested nanocellulose, exposure route, and cell lines used. The quality of the studies is further inspected based on various established criteria. Considering the rapid development of nanocellulose-based products and the novelty of the material, human health studies remain scarce. By assessing those that have been conducted, patterns and gaps were identified that will be helpful to guide future research. The results show that there are still significant uncertainties remaining, particularly regarding in vivo testing, with pulmonary exposure showing some cause for concern. Although a substantial number of in vitro studies have been undertaken, results are often conflicting. The detected effects could not be directly attributed to size of nanoparticles, cell lines, surface modifications or tested concentrations. This may also be linked to the varying quality of the studies. This review ends by identifying key gaps to help pave the way for future research and ensure the safe development and use of nanocellulose.