Importance of boreal rivers in providing iron to marine waters

PLoS One. 2014 Sep 18;9(9):e107500. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107500. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

This study reports increasing iron concentrations in rivers draining into the Baltic Sea. Given the decisive role of iron to the structure and biogeochemical function of aquatic ecosystems, this trend is likely one with far reaching consequences to the receiving system. What those consequences may be depends on the fate of the iron in estuarine mixing. We here assess the stability of riverine iron by mixing water from seven boreal rivers with artificial sea salts. The results show a gradual loss of iron from suspension with increasing salinity. However, the capacity of the different river waters to maintain iron in suspension varied greatly, i.e. between 1 and 54% of iron was in suspension at a salinity of 30. The variability was best explained by iron:organic carbon ratios in the riverine waters--the lower the ratio the more iron remained in suspension. Water with an initially low iron:organic carbon ratio could keep even higher than ambient concentrations of Fe in suspension across the salinity gradient, as shown in experiments with iron amendments. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between the molecular size of the riverine organic matter and the amount of iron in suspension. In all, the results point towards a remarkably high transport capacity of iron from boreal rivers, suggesting that increasing concentrations of iron in river mouths may result in higher concentrations of potentially bioavailable iron in the marine system.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Ecosystem*
  • Environmental Monitoring
  • Iron / chemistry*
  • Marine Biology
  • Oceans and Seas
  • Rivers / chemistry*
  • Salinity
  • Salts / chemistry*
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / analysis

Substances

  • Salts
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical
  • Iron

Associated data

  • Dryad/10.5061/dryad.HQ8K8

Grants and funding

This research was performed with funding from The Swedish Research Council (http://www.vr.se/grant number 2010-4081) and The Swedish Research Council Formas (http://www.formas.se/grant number 217-2010-126) through the Strong Research Environment Managing multiple stressors in the Baltic Sea to ESK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.