The Dynamics of the Defense Strategy of Pea Induced by Exogenous Nitric Oxide in Response to Aphid Infestation

Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Feb 5;18(2):329. doi: 10.3390/ijms18020329.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO), i.e., S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on the metabolic status of Pisum sativum L. cv. Cysterski leaves infested by Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, population demographic parameters and A. pisum feeding activity. A reduction in the level of semiquinone radicals in pea seedling leaves pretreated with exogenous NO occurred 24 h after A. pisum infestation, which was earlier than in non-pretreated leaves. A decrease in the level of O₂•- was observed in leaves pretreated with GSNO and infested by aphids at 48 and 72 h post-infestation (hpi). Directly after the pretreatment with GSNO, an increase in the level of metal ions was recorded. NO considerably induced the relative mRNA levels for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in 24-h leaves pretreated with NO donors, both non-infested and infested. NO stimulated the accumulation of pisatin in leaves until 24 h. The Electrical Penetration Graph revealed a reduction in the feeding activity of the pea aphid on leaves pretreated with NO. The present study showed that foliar application of NO donors induced sequentially defense reactions of pea against A. pisum and had a deterrent effect on aphid feeding and limited the population growth rate.

Keywords: edible pea; electrical penetration graph; flavonoids; nitric oxide; pea aphid; pisatin; population demographic parameters; semiquinone radicals.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Aphids / drug effects
  • Aphids / physiology*
  • Behavior, Animal / drug effects
  • Benzoquinones / metabolism
  • Disease Resistance
  • Flavonoids / metabolism
  • Glycosides / metabolism
  • Host-Parasite Interactions*
  • Iron / chemistry
  • Iron / metabolism
  • Lice Infestations*
  • Manganese / chemistry
  • Manganese / metabolism
  • Nitric Oxide / biosynthesis*
  • Nitric Oxide / pharmacology
  • Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / genetics
  • Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / metabolism
  • Pisum sativum / parasitology*
  • Pisum sativum / physiology*
  • Pterocarpans / metabolism
  • Superoxides / metabolism
  • beta-Glucosidase / metabolism

Substances

  • Benzoquinones
  • Flavonoids
  • Glycosides
  • Pterocarpans
  • Superoxides
  • Nitric Oxide
  • semiquinone radicals
  • Manganese
  • Iron
  • beta-Glucosidase
  • Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
  • pisatin