Experimental Investigations of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for Water Pipeline Monitoring

Water Loss (WL) is a global issue. In Italy, for instance, WL reached 36.2% of the total fresh water conveyed in 2020. The maintenance of a water supply system is a strategic task that requires a huge amount of investment every year. In this work, we focused on the use of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors (DFOS) based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) technology for monitoring water pipeline networks. We worked on High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, today the most widely used for creating water pipelines. By winding and fixing the optic fiber cable on the pipe's external surface, we verified the ability to detect strain related to pressure anomalies along a pipeline, e.g., those caused by water leakage. We performed two experimental phases. In the first one, we assessed the sensibility of sensor layout on an HDPE pipeline solicited with static pressure. We investigated the viscoelastic rheology of the material by calibrating and validating the parameters of a Burger model, in which Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models are connected in series. In the second experimental phase, instead, we focused on the detection of the pressure anomaly produced by leakage in a pipeline circuit set up with running water moved by a pump. The theoretical and experimental studies performed returned overall positive feedback on the use of DFOS for the monitoring of HDPE water pipelines. Future developments will be focused on more detailed studies of this monitoring solution and on the industrial production of "natively smart" HDPE pipes in which DFOS cables are integrated into the pipeline surface during the extrusion process.