Induction of Syndecan-4 by Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Molecules with a 1,10-Phenanthroline Structure in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells

Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Feb 8;18(2):352. doi: 10.3390/ijms18020352.

Abstract

Organic-inorganic hybrid molecules constitute analytical tools used in biological systems. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize and secrete proteoglycans, which are macromolecules consisting of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan side chains. Although the expression of endothelial proteoglycans is regulated by several cytokines/growth factors, there may be alternative pathways for proteoglycan synthesis aside from downstream pathways activated by these cytokines/growth factors. Here, we investigated organic-inorganic hybrid molecules to determine a variant capable of analyzing the expression of syndecan-4, a transmembrane heparan-sulfate proteoglycan, and identified 1,10-phenanthroline (o-Phen) with or without zinc (Zn-Phen) or rhodium (Rh-Phen). Bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture were treated with these compounds, and the expression of syndecan-4 mRNA and core proteins was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. Our findings indicated that o-Phen and Zn-Phen specifically and strongly induced syndecan-4 expression in cultured vascular endothelial cells through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/β pathway via inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase-domain-containing protein 2. These results demonstrated an alternative pathway involved in mediating induction of endothelial syndecan-4 expression and revealed organic-inorganic hybrid molecules as effective tools for analyzing biological systems.

Keywords: 1,10-phenanthroline; bioorganometallics; endothelial cells; proteoglycan; syndecan-4.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Aorta
  • Cattle
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Endothelial Cells / drug effects*
  • Endothelial Cells / metabolism*
  • Enzyme Activation / drug effects
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / metabolism
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases / metabolism
  • Phenanthrolines / chemistry
  • Phenanthrolines / pharmacology*
  • Proteoglycans / biosynthesis
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects
  • Syndecan-4 / biosynthesis*

Substances

  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
  • Phenanthrolines
  • Proteoglycans
  • Syndecan-4
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases
  • 1,10-phenanthroline