Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte

Daria Tishkevich; Sergey Grabchikov; Tatiana Zubar; Denis Vasin; Sergei Trukhanov; Alla Vorobjova; Dmitry Yakimchuk; Artem Kozlovskiy; Maxim Zdorovets; Sholpan Giniyatova; Dmitriy Shimanovich; Dmitry Lyakhov; Dominik Michels; Mengge Dong; Svetlana Gudkova; Alex Trukhanov

doi:10.3390/nano10061245

Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte

Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020 Jun 27;10(6):1245. doi: 10.3390/nano10061245.

Authors

Daria Tishkevich^{1

2}, Sergey Grabchikov¹, Tatiana Zubar^{1

2}, Denis Vasin¹, Sergei Trukhanov^{1

2}, Alla Vorobjova³, Dmitry Yakimchuk¹, Artem Kozlovskiy^{4

5}, Maxim Zdorovets^{4

5

6}, Sholpan Giniyatova^{4

5}, Dmitriy Shimanovich³, Dmitry Lyakhov⁷, Dominik Michels⁷, Mengge Dong⁸, Svetlana Gudkova^{2

9}, Alex Trukhanov^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, Cryogenic Research Department, Scientific-Practical Materials Research Centre of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus.
² Laboratory of Single Crystal Growth, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia.
³ Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus.
⁴ Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan.
⁵ Laboratory of Solid State Physics, The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan.
⁶ Department of Intelligent Information Technologies, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620075 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
⁷ Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Resource and Environment, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
⁹ Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia.

Abstract

Bi nanocrystalline films were formed from perchlorate electrolyte (PE) on Cu substrate via electrochemical deposition with different duration and current densities. The microstructural, morphological properties, and elemental composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The optimal range of current densities for Bi electrodeposition in PE using polarization measurements was demonstrated. For the first time, it was shown and explained why, with a deposition duration of 1 s, co-deposition of Pb and Bi occurs. The correlation between synthesis conditions and chemical composition and microstructure for Bi films was discussed. The analysis of the microstructure evolution revealed the changing mechanism of the films' growth from pillar-like (for Pb-rich phase) to layered granular form (for Bi) with deposition duration rising. This abnormal behavior is explained by the appearance of a strong Bi growth texture and coalescence effects. The investigations of porosity showed that Bi films have a closely-packed microstructure. The main stages and the growth mechanism of Bi films in the galvanostatic regime in PE with a deposition duration of 1-30 s are proposed.

Keywords: bismuth; co-deposition; electrochemical deposition; films; growth mechanism; lead; morphology; perchlorate electrolyte.

Abstract

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