Faunal composition and behavior of anopheline mosquitoes were studied in a Xavánte Indian reservation of Central Brazil. Altogether 558 anophelines were collected in three environments (intra, peri, and extra-domiciliary). Anopheles darlingi (30.9%), An. triannulatus s.l. (24.6%) and An. oswaldoi (19.7%) were the most common species. Average capture rates were higher in the rainy season (8.03 per hour) than in the dry season (4.37 per hour). Anophelines exhibited exophilic behavior almost exclusively. It was observed that Xavánte cultural practices facilitate outdoor exposure during peak hours of mosquito activities (e.g., coming to the creek early in the morning for bathing or to draw water, fishing, etc.). The results of this study raise the question of whether or not applying to the Xavánte the more commonly recommended malaria control strategies (e.g., in-house spraying, screening windows, and impregnated bed nets) which aim at hampering human-mosquito contact inside human dwellings may be effective.