Between October 1990 and December 1995, 86 patients underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). All resections were carried out with the aim of achieving complete cure. Fifty one (60%) of these patients subsequently developed recurrent HCC. Only twenty patients could be treated in our hospital. There were 18 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 61 years at the time of recurrence. Six patients had a normal liver. Fourteen patients had associated liver cirrhosis. using Pugh's classification, 7 patients were Pugh A, 6 Pugh B and 1 Pugh C. The initial hepatic resection had consisted of major hepatectomy in 9 cases and segmentectomy in the remaining 11 patients. The mean time to recurrence was 17 months. There were 3 recurrences on the resection margin and 17 recurrences away from the hepatic stump. The therapeutic choice after hepatic recurrence was based on the number of tumors, hepatic function and the size of the liver remnant. Six patients were treated by tamoxifen due to poor hepatic function; median survival after recurrence was 6 months. Four patients with a single recurrent tumor on an atrophied liver remnant were treated by percutaneous ethanol injection with a median survival after recurrence of 15 months. Five patients with multiple diffuse lesions and good hepatic function were treated by transarterial chemoembolisation with a median survival after recurrence of 30 months. Five patients with a solitary tumor and good hepatic function underwent a second hepatic resection with a median survival after recurrence of 35 months. The overall median survival after diagnosis of recurrence was 20 months. These results suggest that an active treatment should be carried out in cases of recurrence of HCC. A second resection, if technically possible, offers the best chance of survival.