Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis is a well-accepted therapy for complications of end-stage liver disease and is associated with an excellent outcome in the majority of cases. However, transplant centers are striving to improve on these outcomes by studying ways to optimize the timing of transplantation. Several natural history and prognostic models for both primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis have been derived from the study of large populations of patients in an attempt to predict long-term rates of survival. In addition, models exist to predict resource utilization after liver transplantation. Other factors besides complications of end-stage liver disease may also be indications for transplantation, including refractory pruritus, recurrent bacterial cholangitis in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatic osteodystrophy, and a poor quality of life.