Responses of anterior piriform cortex layer II/III neurons to both odors and electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) were measured with intracellular recordings in urethan-anesthetized, freely breathing rats. Odor-evoked, respiration-entrained postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) rapidly habituated during a 50-s odor stimulus, then spontaneously recovered within 2 min of odor termination. Associated with the decrease in odor-evoked PSP amplitude was a decrease in the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the LOT. The decrement in LOT-evoked EPSPs recovered with a time course similar to the odor response recovery. These results demonstrate that odor habituation is associated with a decrease in afferent synaptic efficacy in the anterior piriform cortex.