Objective: The author examined Freud's chest pains and arrhythmia beginning in late 1893 according to the new available data and modern psychiatry.
Method: Published studies and recent findings were reviewed. The major works of Freud were also considered. Among the issues examined are clinical features, comorbidity, boundaries with others disorders.
Results: The findings of this review provided support for the dual diagnosis of panic disorder without agoraphobia and nicotine dependence.
Conclusions: Freud's scientific learning was wide-ranging and his scientific ambition vast. During this period (1893-1897) Freud laid the foundations for the theory of anxiety. He referred to the conditions caused by the dammed-up libido as the actual neuroses. Although the work of Freud has the same aim as the modern DSM-IV, the classification of the Austrian author reflects a different tradition. A discrepancy exists between "anxiety neurosis" (Freud) and "anxiety disorder" (DSM-IV).