Gene therapy is obviously a controversial issue and a wave of suspicion has dampened the initial enthusiasm raised by this new therapeutic approach. It has now become fashionable to downplay the potential for gene therapy in most fields including kidney-related diseases. In our opinion, this is an unfair and unrealistic view of the future. In fact, gene therapy of well-selected kidney diseases will certainly become feasible, but a large data base on vectors and transfer methods both in the normal kidney and in disease models has first to be collected. Any significant progress in the biology of the vectors, in the cellular interactions of the newly introduced DNA, and in the regulation and persistency of the transgene should be rapidly translated to the kidney in relevant experimental models. Herein, we present the use and current limitations of gene transfer to the kidney and the potential therapeutic perspectives.