Vancomycin and aminoglycosides are widely used for fever in neutropenic patients. This combination of antibiotics has also been proposed for the treatment of Listeria monocytogenes bacteremia. We report a case of fatal listeriosis in a 33-year-old man during acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction therapy in a total protective environment despite him having been on vancomycin for 8 days for treatment of staphylococcus bacteremia. Vancomycin and aminoglycoside cannot be proposed for the treatment of L. monocytogenes bacteria in neutropenic patients. Neutropenia might be a risk factor for listeriosis in cancer patients.