2,4-Dithiobiuret (DTB) is a sulfonated derivative of urea that is used as a reducing agent in chemical manufacture. Its low acute toxicity to rodents belies a peripherally mediated, delayed-onset muscle weakness which develops during repeated daily exposure. In experiment 1, a standard dose regimen of DTB (0.5 mg/kg per day IP for 5 days) was used to induce motor dysfunction as a way to dissociate peripheral and central influences on a test of cognitive and motor function in rats. Sixteen male rats were trained to perform a Delayed Matching-to-Position/Visual Discrimination (DMTP/VD) task which permits quantification of working memory (matching accuracy), reference memory (discrimination accuracy), and motor function (choice response latency and nosepoke inter-response time, IRT). The first dose of DTB significantly increased matching accuracy; during the following week, DTB reduced matching accuracy, increased choice response latency and nosepoke IRT, and reduced trial completion. Discrimination accuracy remained unaffected. Experiment 2 explored the effects of single administrations of DTB on DMTP/VD. Sixteen other trained rats were divided into two groups with equal matching accuracy. One group received DTB (0.5,1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg, IP) in separate injections at least 1 week apart; the other group received vehicle at the same times. Matching accuracy increased significantly in the treated rats and not in the controls following each dose of DTB. The magnitude of this increase was dose dependent, and lasted from 1 to 8 weeks after each injection. Discrimination accuracy, response latency, nosepoke IRT and trial completion remained unaffected throughout the study. After DTB, matching accuracy was less easily disrupted by scopolamine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg, IP). However, DTB did not alter the rats' response to reducing the distance between the response levers, to reversal of the matching rule to a nonmatching rule, or to challenge with MK-801 (0.05-0.10 mg/kg, IP). These data indicate that acute DTB causes a long-lasting facilitation of working memory in rats in the absence of any of the indications of motor impairment which follow repeated, daily injections of the chemical.