This chapter presents some of the theories and models underpinning effective communication practice. It also emphasizes the central role of communication in achieving effective program implementation. Whether the communication is aimed at changing the attitudes and behavior of professionals, various segments of the public, or other target audiences, the basic approach is the same. The following checklist provides a guide to program planners (Arkin 1991): Commit adequate time, effort, and resources to communication planning and pretesting. Begin by singling out specific issues and specific target audiences. Then design messages based on the target audiences' values, needs, and interests. Conduct (or review existing) market research on the target audience to understand what will motivate them. Pretest messages and materials with the target audience to assure understanding and relevance to their needs and interests. Make sure that messages and materials appear where the target audience will pay attention to them (for sensitive issues, community and interpersonal channels that allow interactive discussion are very important). Produce public service announcements that are of high quality, community specific, marketed to stations, and targeted to audiences likely to see them when public service air time is available (such as fringe viewing times). Combine public service announcements with news and other uses of the mass media (e.g., building on related news) to increase exposure to issues. Use a combination of the mass media and community channels that will reach the target audience. Work collaboratively with other organizations, including drug treatment facilities, law enforcement and social service agencies, and other community organizations that have complementary strengths. Begin to coordinate efforts as early as possible in program planning. Use a multipronged communication strategy to focus on what an individual should do, how the individual can start to change, and factors that help reinforce individual change, such as peer approval and community support. Track progress and identify when, and what kind of, changes are needed in communications. Combine communications with other strategies needed to support change (e.g., access to treatment or positive alternatives to drug use). Set reasonable, short-term communication objectives to reach the long-term goal. Then, commit to communications as one program component over the long term. It is important to remember that one-shot campaigns are unlikely to have a lasting effect and that progress is incremental.