Postmenopausal bone loss is associated with a rise in the fasting urine calcium excretion which has been proposed to be a possible cause of increased bone resorption. The oophorectomized rat is widely used as a model of postmenopausal bone loss, but preliminary data suggest that urine calcium excretion is not increased following oophorectomy in this animal model. However the present detailed experimental protocol demonstrated that oophorectomy in adult rats increased the obligatory urine calcium excretion compared with ovary-intact rats (P < 0.001). Importantly urine hydroxyproline excretion was positively correlated with urine calcium only in the oophorectomized rats (P = 0.003). This urine calcium was positively correlated with urine phosphate excretion when dietary sodium was low (P < 0.001) and with urine sodium excretion when dietary sodium was elevated (P = 0.003). Calcium balance studies indicated a greater fall in calcium accretion in growing, oophorectomized rats (6 to 15 weeks of age) compared with ovary-intact animals and intestinal calcium secretion was the major component of the calcium balance to be affected. Losses of calcium in the urine were relatively minor in these growing rats.