Analysis of the clinical status of the eyes in congenital and early acquired myopia was carried out in preschool children with the aim of the differential diagnosis between these conditions. Myopia detected at the age of 2-4 was regarded as congenital, and myopia developing over the follow-up period in children with poor accommodation and hereditary aggravation, who had no myopia before, was considered as an acquired condition. Specific signs of the conditions in the children are enumerated.