When physical dosimetry is unavailable, the biological dosimetry of ionizing radiations is considered the best method for evaluating the individual absorbed dose. In order to apply this method, it is essential to know the dose-response relationship (calibration effect) regulating the phenomenon. The results obtained on human lymphocytes after in vitro X-ray treatment are presented. Two cytogenetic methods were used: the dicentric chromosomes assay in metaphase cells and the micronuclei assay in binucleated cells. The two were compared in order to verify the best utilization of each in the context of prevention and radioprotection. For the dicentric assay, 20 samples were treated with increasing doses of X-rays (from 0.5 to 2.0 Gy) and for the micronuclei assay, 25 samples were treated with doses from 0.1 to 4.0 Gy. The biological response was then evaluated. The data obtained were fitted by a second-grade polynomial regression. The dose-response relationship for the dicentric yield was F(dic) = 0.01-0.2D + 0.091D2 (regression coefficient better than 0.95); for the micronuclei yield, it was F(mn) = 0.015 + 0.043D + 0.083D2 (regression coefficient better than 0.97). The absorbed dose in exposed individuals was evaluated by the micronuclei frequency using a mathematical process (inverse prediction) that takes into account the measurement error and the 95% confidence intervals of the calibration curve. For this purpose a programme in Basic (DOSIME) was generated that was capable of estimating the dose and its variability. Since the micronuclei assay is simple and quick to carry out, it permits extensive screening and facilitates the identification of radiosensitive subjects. The estimated dose values of individuals submitted to radiotherapy are also given.