Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) was used for the treatment of 18 patients with chronic intestinal failure (CIF): short bowel syndrome (9), extensive intestinal disease (4), motility disorder (4), entero-enteric fistulas (1). The underlying diseases were: chronic inflammatory (7), mesenteric vascular (4), scleroderma (2), pseudo-obstruction (2), malignancy (2), radiation enteritis (1). HPN was more effective on protein-calorie nutritional status than on fluid and electrolyte balances. About two-thirds of the patients achieved full or partial social rehabilitation. During the 6 months before HPN, there were 20 hospitalizations (mean stay: 55 days). During HPN (mean length of treatment: 22 months/patient) there were 16 hospitalizations (mean stay: 22 days), 8 of which were caused by HPN complications (sepsis and deep vein thrombosis; overall incidence of catheter-related complications: 0.411 per patient-year). Bone demineralization, liver abnormalities and biliary stones developed, respectively, in 57%, 28% and 11% of the cases. The underlying intestinal condition played a role in their pathogenesis. The annual cost of HPN ranged from 40 (Hospital Pharmacy Service) to 80 (commercial firm) million lire per patient. To sum up, HPN improves the nutritional status and the quality of life of patients with CIF, and the risk of complications is acceptable. The medical and social advantages are considered to offset the cost of the technique.