The literature was reviewed to establish the current effectiveness of professionally applied topical fluorides in the prevention of dental caries and to determine the risk of chronic and acute fluoride ingestion from their use. Use of professionally applied topical fluorides by moderate to high risk children and adults is supported by existing research. Although many of the studies are dated, there is sufficient evidence to support their continued use. Professionally applied topical fluorides are not a risk factor for dental fluorosis, though they have been implicated in acute reactions. The precautions needed to minimize fluoride intake are discussed.