Despite numerous reports in the literature almost universally endorsing the safety of a trial of labor after a prior cesarean section, it is used in only a small fraction of eligible patients. Our investigation, conducted at the University of Louisville, examines the safety of such a protocol. Two thousand seven hundred fifty-seven patients were delivered during one year; 282 had a history of at least one prior cesarean section. Of the 259 patients eligible, 218 (84%) underwent a trial of labor, and 168/218 (77%) were delivered vaginally. There were 6 cases of uterine dehiscence and 1 uterine rupture. No hysterectomies were performed. Maternal morbidity was significantly greater in the failed trial-of-labor group. There was one perinatal death that was unrelated to a trial of labor. A previous diagnosis of cephalopelvic disproportion or failure to progress did not preclude a trial of labor, and 69% of these patients delivered vaginally. Our data suggest that a trial of labor following one or more previous cesarean sections is a safe option in a carefully selected population.