To delineate the spectrum of rhabdomyolysis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we reviewed the clinical and pathologic data from nine HIV-infected individuals with acute rhabdomyolysis, and pooled data with those of 11 previously reported cases. Patients with rhabdomyolysis were at all stages of HIV infection and could be classified into three groups: (1) HIV-associated rhabdomyolysis (7 of 20), including rhabdomyolysis in primary HIV infection, recurrent rhabdomyolysis, and isolated rhabdomyolysis; (2) rhabdomyolysis induced by drugs (6 of 20), including didanosine; and (3) rhabdomyolysis at the end stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (7 of 20), including opportunistic infections of muscle and rhabdomyolysis without a definite cause. Because prognosis, in part, depends on the cause of rhabdomyolysis, recognition of drug-induced or opportunistic infectious muscle disorders is required.