Urinary erythrocyte morphology was examined by optical microscopy 1,256 urological patients with hematuria, between 1990 and 1993. The patients were grouped according to whether their urinary red cells were glomerular origin or non-glomerular in origin or mixed form, or others. Of the 740 patients in the glomerular group 537 were examined urologically, and some urological disease was found in 78 (15%) patients. Urological disease was found in only 7 (2%) of the 316 patients in the glomerular group whose complaint was only asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Examination of urinary erythrocyte morphology under optical microscopy is inexpensive and valuable in the urological outpatient clinic.