Adriamycin, an anthracycline antineoplastic agent, can swiftly be transported to the sensory or somatic motor neurons by way of axoplasmic transport when injected into the subepineurium of the trigeminal nerve or sciatic nerve in experimental animals, and is consequently able to induce degeneration of the neurons without any systemic side effects. Intraneural injection of this agent was carried out for the treatment of a total of 22 patients presenting with intractable neural dysfunction (12 with neuralgia, including 7 with post-herpetic neuralgia and 10 with facial dystonia). The nerve which innervated the affected site was exposed under local anesthesia and approximately 10-60 microliters of 1-20% adriamycin was injected into the subepineurium. Results of the treatment after average follow-up periods of 21.5 months were as follows: Out of 12 patients with neuralgia, good results were obtained in 2 cases (16.7%), fair results in 6 cases (50.0%) (overall effective rate 67.7%). There were no changes in symptoms in 4 cases (33.3%). Out of 10 patients with facial dystonia, good results were obtained in 2 cases (20.0%), fair in 2 cases (20.0%) (overall effective rate 40.0%), and no changes in symptoms in 6 cases (60.0%). No major complications were encountered during these procedures and, once symptoms had disappeared after the treatment, no recurrence of symptoms was experienced. This method clearly differs from other various kinds of simple peripheral neurotomy, since transection of the peripheral nerve does not cause any, destructive changes in the sensory ganglion or motor nucleus and, hence, symptoms may recur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)