Objectives: In Portland, OR: 1) to determine the changes in HIV seroprevalence for ED patients from 1988 to 1991, 2) to define the characteristics of the HIV-positive ED patient, 3) to determine the hepatitis B seroprevalence of HIV-seropositive ED patients, and 4) to demonstrate the feasibility of an ED population-based surveillance investigation.
Methods: A prospective, multiyear observational, cross-sectional, multicenter, population-based seroprevalence study was performed using seven urban hospital EDs. Serologic testing for HIV and hepatitis B was performed on excess blood obtained from ED patients. Four sampling periods were used at each hospital at 14-month intervals starting June 1988 and ending December 1991. The blood specimens were obtained concurrently at all the participating hospitals.
Results: Of 1,681 patients, 17 (1.0%) were HIV-positive. The HIV seroprevalence rate was relatively stable over time: 0.5% (2/444) in 1988, 1.7% (7/396) in 1989, 1% (3/296) in 1990, and 0.9% (5/545) in 1991. Most (94%) HIV patients were men, 100% were white, 81% were > or = 30 years old. Most (59%) of the HIV-positive patients also were positive for hepatitis B core antibody. Many (76%) of the HIV-positive patients were known to be positive by the emergency health care worker.
Conclusion: HIV seroprevalence among the ED patients in Portland, OR, was generally stable from 1988 to 1991. Many HIV-positive patients also were hepatitis B-positive, thus representing a double occupational infectious disease risk to ED personnel. A significant minority (24%) of the HIV-positive patients were not known to be HIV-positive by the ED personnel. Universal precautions and hepatitis B immunization are paramount for reducing the risk of infectious disease due to exposure to body fluids.