This article is the fifth in a series concerning the Uniform System on the Evaluation of Substances (USES). An integral part of USES is the Evaluation System for PEsticides (ESPE). The systems deals with the current practice in The Netherlands concerning the hazard and risk estimation of substances for which a governmental decision is needed before a substances can be marketed or used in The Netherlands, also taking into account EU-legislation. For pesticides a distinction is made between agricultural and non-agricultural pesticides. Both types of substances can be considered in USES. Surface water contamination of pesticides after application on arable land and lixivation of antifouling paints from boats into the water of a harbour show as an example how certain aspects are handled.