In general, physical and emotional problems are more likely to occur in adults and children who have been exposed to unusual environmental stress. The author reviews the research on children's reactions to environmental and intrafamilial trauma: all youngsters are symptomatic after severe trauma and certain symptoms are characteristic for a given developmental stage. However, some children are able to tolerate submaximal pressure without evident harm. These stress-resistant children are likely to exhibit optimism, ability, and a sense of control over their environment. These attributes can be consciously enhanced when children are taught problem-solving skills. The pediatrician is in an excellent position to prevent emotional morbidity by implementing interventions which would augment children's healthy defenses and enhance their sense of mastery.