Abstract
Transurethral endoscopic access to the upper urinary tract using rigid optics is evolving into a significant addition to the specialty of urology. The basic endoscopic expertise urologists have perfected for use in the urethra, prostate, and bladder is readily transposed to the ureter and renal pelvis. Indications, precautions, instrumentation, and procedural techniques are detailed.
MeSH terms
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Cystoscopes
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Cystoscopy / adverse effects
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Cystoscopy / methods*
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Dilatation / instrumentation
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Female
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Fluoroscopy
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Humans
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Kidney Neoplasms / surgery
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Kidney Pelvis*
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Male
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Pressure
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Therapeutic Irrigation
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Ultrasonics / instrumentation
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Ureter* / injuries
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Ureteral Calculi / therapy
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Ureteral Neoplasms / surgery
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Urinary Bladder
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Urinary Calculi / therapy
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Urinary Catheterization / methods*