Normal oogenesis is crucial to successful reproduction. During the human female fetal stage, primordial germ cells transform from mitosis to meiosis. After synapsis and recombination of homologous chromosomes, meiosis is arrested at the diplotene stage of prophase in meiosis I. The maintenance of oocyte meiotic arrest in the follicle is primarily attributed to high cytoplasmic concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. During the menstrual cycle, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone lead to the resumption of meiosis that occurs in certain oocytes and complete the ovulation process. Anything that disturbs oocyte meiosis may result in failure of oogenesis and seriously affect both the fertilization and embryonic development. The rapid development of the assisted reproduction technology, high-throughput sequencing technology, and molecular biology technology provide new ideas and means for human to understand molecular mechanism of meiosis and diagnosis and treatment of oocyte maturation defects. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent physiological and pathological mechanisms of oogenesis, involving homologous recombination, meiotic arrest and resumption, maternal mRNA degradation, post-translational regulation, zona pellucida assembly, and so on. We wish to take this opportunity to raise the awareness of researchers in related fields on oocyte meiosis, providing a theoretical basis for further research and disease treatments.
正常的卵子发生是人类成功繁育后代的关键步骤。女性胚胎发育时期，原始生殖细胞从有丝分裂转变为减数分裂，经过同源染色体配对和重组后，减数分裂被阻滞在减数第一次分裂前期的双线期。卵泡内卵母细胞的减数分裂阻滞的维持主要归因于胞质中高浓度的环磷酸腺苷。在月经周期中，卵泡刺激素和黄体生成素促进某些卵母细胞恢复减数分裂，完成排卵过程。卵母细胞减数分裂过程中发生任何缺陷都可能影响卵子发生，进而影响受精和胚胎发育过程。辅助生殖、高通量测序和分子生物学技术的快速发展，为人类认识减数分裂背后的精确分子机制以及卵母细胞成熟缺陷疾病的发病机制与诊疗提供新的思路和手段。本文主要介绍了近年来发现的调控卵子发生的生理和病理机制，涉及同源重组、减数分裂阻滞与恢复、母源mRNA降解、翻译后调节、透明带组装等过程，旨在增进相关领域研究人员对卵母细胞减数分裂的了解，并为进一步机制研究和疾病治疗提供理论基础。.
Keywords: meiosis; oocyte; oogenesis; variant.