Ginger Root Bioactive Compounds Specifically Inhibits Growth of Colon Cancer Cells in Culture

Shelley Lin; Peiran Lu

doi:10.1177/11786388241231163

Ginger Root Bioactive Compounds Specifically Inhibits Growth of Colon Cancer Cells in Culture

Nutr Metab Insights. 2024 May 15:17:11786388241231163. doi: 10.1177/11786388241231163. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Shelley Lin^{1

2}, Peiran Lu^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
² Class of 2024, Stillwater High School, Stillwater, OK, USA.
³ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Abstract

Objective: Colon cancer is affluent among many people, and having cancer greatly impacts the lives of many. Ginger is a common food, particularly in Asian cuisine. However, the health benefits of ginger as a whole food and 6-gingerol, its bioactive compound in prevention of colon cancer have not been fully addressed. This experiment investigated effects of ginger juice and 6-gingerol on colon cancer cell growth and death.

Methods: Fresh ginger roots were homogenized for juice preparation. Total phenolic contents of ginger juice were measured using Folin-C assay. Colon cancer SW480 cells and normal colon epithelial cells CCD-18Co were treated with ginger juice and/or 6-gingerol. Cell metabolic activity was assessed by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were accessed by immunoblotting. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA with a Tukey post-hoc test and statistical significance was set at P < .05.

Results: The results showed that ginger juice selectively inhibited SW480 cell growth at 25 µL/mL for 40 hours. High doses of ginger juice (at 50 and 100 µL/mL for 40 hours) inhibited the growth of both cell types. This was independent of caspase-3 activation. Six-gingerol specifically inhibited SW480 cell growth starting at 0.5 µmoL/L (P < .01). More than 1 µmoL/L 6-gingerol did not give more power to inhibit SW480 cell growth. The results also showed that CCD-18Co cell growth rates were not changed after 6-gingerol treatments (up to 10 µmoL/L, P > .1). Immunoblotting results revealed that the elevation of Myt1 levels and decreases in CDK1, p21 Wafl/Cip1 and pSer642-Wee1 only occurred in SW480 but not CCD-18Co cells when treated with 1 and/or 2.5 µmoL/L 6-gingerol for 40 hours.

Conclusion: 6-gingerol can specifically inhibit SW480 cancer cells without killing normal CCd-18Co cells, through cell cycle arrest. Ginger juice can selectively inhibit colon cancer cell growth in a narrow window at ~25 µL/mL.

Keywords: 6-Gingerol; apoptosis; cell cycle arrest; colorectal cancer; epithelial cell; phenol.