Differential constellations of dissociative symptoms and their association with childhood trauma - a latent profile analysis

Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2024;15(1):2348345. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2348345. Epub 2024 May 13.

Abstract

Background: While several studies documented a positive correlation between childhood maltreatment severity and dissociation severity, it is currently unknown whether specific dissociative symptoms cluster together among individuals with childhood trauma histories ranging from none to severe.Objective: We aimed to explore symptom constellations across the whole spectrum of dissociative processing from patients with severe dissociative disorders to healthy controls and relate these to maltreatment severity and sociodemographic characteristics.Methods: We employed latent profile analysis to explore symptom profiles based on five subscales, measuring absorption, depersonalization, derealization, somatoform and identity alteration, based on the 20 items of the German short version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen-20) in a large aggregate sample (n = 3,128) overrepresenting patients with trauma-related disorders. We then related these profiles to maltreatment severity as measured by the five subscales of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire as well as sociodemographic characteristics.Results: Based on the five FDS subscales, six clusters differentiated by symptom severity, but not symptom constellations, were identified. Somatoform dissociation varied in accordance with the remaining symptom clusters. The cluster with the highest overall symptom severity entailed nearly all subjects diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder and was characterized by extreme levels of childhood maltreatment. Both abuse and neglect were predictive of cluster membership throughout.Conclusions: The higher the severity of dissociative processing in a cluster, the more subjects reported high severity and multiplicity of childhood maltreatment. However, some subjects remain resilient to the development of dissociative processing although they experience extreme childhood maltreatment.

Antecedentes: Aunque varios estudios han documentado una correlación positiva entre la severidad del maltrato infantil y la severidad de la disociación, actualmente se desconoce si los síntomas disociativos específicos se agrupan entre individuos con historias de trauma infantil que van desde ninguno a severo.

Objetivo: Nos propusimos explorar las constelaciones de síntomas en todo el espectro del procesamiento disociativo de pacientes con trastornos disociativos graves y controles sanos, y relacionarlas con la gravedad del maltrato y las características sociodemográficas.

Métodos: Se empleó el análisis de perfil latente para explorar los perfiles de síntomas basados en cinco subescalas, que miden la absorción, despersonalización, desrealización, somatomorfos y alteración de la identidad, basados en los 20 ítems de la versión corta alemana de la Escala de Experiencias Disociativas-II (Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen-20) en una gran muestra agregada (n = 3.128) sobrerrepresentada por pacientes con trastornos relacionados con el trauma. Luego relacionamos estos perfiles con la gravedad del maltrato, medida por las cinco subescalas del Cuestionario de Trauma Infantil, así como con las características sociodemográficas.

Resultados: Sobre la base de las cinco subescalas de la FDS, se identificaron seis clústeres diferenciados por la gravedad de los síntomas, pero no por constelaciones de síntomas. La disociación somatomorfa varió de acuerdo con los grupos de síntomas restantes. El clúster con la mayor gravedad sintomática global incluía a casi todos los sujetos diagnosticados con Trastorno de Identidad Disociativo y se caracterizaba por niveles extremos de maltrato en la infancia. Tanto el maltrato como la negligencia fueron predictivos de la pertenencia al clúster en todo momento.

Conclusiones: Cuanto mayor era la severidad del procesamiento disociativo en un clúster, más sujetos reportaban una alta severidad y multiplicidad de maltrato infantil. Sin embargo, algunos sujetos permanecen resilientes al desarrollo del procesamiento disociativo, aunque experimenten maltrato infantil extremo.

Keywords: Disociación; Dissociation; amnesia; childhood maltreatment; depersonalization; derealization; despersonalización; desrealización; dissociative identity disorder; maltrato infantil; trastorno de identidad disociativo.

Plain language summary

Dissociative symptoms, including identity alterations, are closely related to the severity of experienced childhood abuse.Somatoform dissociation occurs on all levels of overall dissociation severity.Some subjects with a history extreme childhood maltreatment do not develop dissociative symptoms, while some subjects with extreme dissociative symptoms do not report any childhood maltreatment.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / psychology
  • Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / statistics & numerical data
  • Adverse Childhood Experiences / statistics & numerical data
  • Child
  • Child Abuse / psychology
  • Child Abuse / statistics & numerical data
  • Dissociative Disorders* / psychology
  • Female
  • Germany
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
  • Surveys and Questionnaires