Association between lipoprotein(a) and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Xu Tian; Nan Zhang; Gary Tse; Guangping Li; Yihong Sun; Tong Liu

doi:10.1093/ehjopen/oeae031

Association between lipoprotein(a) and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Eur Heart J Open. 2024 Apr 26;4(3):oeae031. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeae031. eCollection 2024 May.

Authors

Xu Tian¹, Nan Zhang¹, Gary Tse^{1

2

3}, Guangping Li¹, Yihong Sun⁴, Tong Liu¹

Affiliations

¹ Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.
² School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China.
³ Epidemiology Research Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, PowerHealth Limited, Hong Kong, China.
⁴ Cardiology Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.

Abstract

Aims: High lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] level has been demonstrated as an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) amongst the older populations, whereas its effects in the younger population remain unclear. This study evaluated the associations between Lp(a) and the risk of premature ASCVD.

Method and results: PubMed and Embase were searched for related studies until 12 November 2023. Fifty-one studies including 100 540 participants were included. Mean age of patients ranged from 35.3 to 62.3 years. The proportion of male participants ranged from 0% to 100%. The mean follow-up was provided in five studies ranging from 1 year to 40 years. The definition of elevated Lp(a) varied among studies, such as >30 mg/dL, >50 mg/dL, the top tertiles, the top quartiles, the top quintiles, and so on. Higher Lp(a) was significantly associated with the composite ASCVD [odds ratio (OR): 2.15, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.53-3.02, P < 0.001], especially for coronary artery disease (OR: 2.44, 95% CI: 2.06-2.90, P < 0.001) and peripheral arterial disease (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.56-4.21, P < 0.001). This association remained significant in familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) (OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.63-5.96, P < 0.001) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients (OR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.54-3.23, P < 0.001).Significant results were observed in South Asians (OR: 3.71, 95% CI: 2.31-5.96, P < 0.001), Caucasians (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 2.22-4.52, P < 0.001), and patients with baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) level ≥ 2.6 mmol/L.

Conclusion: Elevated Lp(a) predicts the risk of the composite or individual ASCVD in young, regardless of study design, gender, population characteristics (community or hospitalized), different premature definitions, and various Lp(a) measurement approaches. This association was important in South Asians, Caucasians, FH patients, T2DM patients, and patients with baseline LDL-c level ≥ 2.6 mmol/L.

Keywords: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; Lipoprotein(a); Meta-analysis; Risk factors; ‘Young’ patients.