Rational design of peptide-based fluorescent probe for sequential recognitions of Cu(II) ions and glyphosate: Smartphone, test strip, real sample and living cells applications

Abstract

A new peptide-based fluorescent probe named DMDH with easy-to-synthesize, excellent stability, good water solubility and large Stokes shift (225 nm) was synthesized for highly selective sequential detections of copper ions (Cu²⁺) and glyphosate (Glyp). DMDH demonstrated great detection performance towards Cu²⁺via strong fluorescence quenching, and forming non-fluorescence DMDH-Cu²⁺ ensemble. As a new promising cascade probe, the fluorescence of DMDH-Cu²⁺ ensemble was significantly recovered based on displacement approach after glyphosate was added. Interestingly, the limit of detections (LODs) for Cu²⁺ and glyphosate were 40.6 nM and 10.6 nM, respectively, which were far lower than those recommended by the WHO guidelines for drinking water. More importantly, DMDH was utilized to evaluate Cu²⁺ and glyphosate content in three real water samples, demonstrating that its effectiveness in water quality monitoring. Additionally, it is worth noting that DMDH was also applied to analyze Cu²⁺ and glyphosate in living cells in view of significant cells permeability and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, DMDH soaked in filter paper was used to create qualitative test strips and visually identify Cu²⁺ and glyphosate through significant color changes. Furthermore, smartphone RGB color recognition provided a new method for semi-quantitative testing of Cu²⁺ and glyphosate in the absence of expensive instruments.

Keywords: Cu(2+); Fluorescence imaging; Glyphosate; Peptide-based fluorescent probe; Smartphone sensing.