Maintenance of homeostasis by TLR4 ligands

Front Immunol. 2024 Apr 23:15:1286270. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1286270. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

Immunotherapy is renowned for its capacity to elicit anti-infective and anti-cancer effects by harnessing immune responses to microbial components and bolstering innate healing mechanisms through a cascade of immunological reactions. Specifically, mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as key receptors responsible for detecting microbial components. The discovery of these mammalian Toll-like receptors has clarified antigen recognition by the innate immune system. It has furnished a molecular foundation for comprehending the interplay between innate immunity and its anti-tumor or anti-infective capabilities. Moreover, accumulating evidence highlights the crucial role of TLRs in maintaining tissue homeostasis. It has also become evident that TLR-expressing macrophages play a central role in immunity by participating in the clearance of foreign substances, tissue repair, and the establishment of new tissue. This macrophage network, centered on macrophages, significantly contributes to innate healing. This review will primarily delve into innate immunity, specifically focusing on substances targeting TLR4.

Keywords: TLR4 ligands; innate immunity; macrophage; macrophage network; self-healing ability.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Homeostasis*
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate*
  • Ligands
  • Macrophages* / immunology
  • Macrophages* / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4* / immunology
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4* / metabolism

Substances

  • Toll-Like Receptor 4
  • Ligands
  • TLR4 protein, human

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study was funded by the Control of Innate Immunity Collaborative Innovation Partnership. This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers 26293390, 26305034, 26670816, 15H05017, and 18H02657 and A-step AS2531332Q.