Innate immune response against vector-borne bunyavirus infection and viral countermeasures

Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Apr 22:14:1365221. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1365221. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

Bunyaviruses are a large group of important viral pathogens that cause significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Bunyaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts. Upon entry into host cells, the components of viruses are recognized by host innate immune system, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades to induce interferons (IFNs) and other proinflammatory cytokines. IFNs bind to their receptors and upregulate the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISGs have antiviral activities and confer an antiviral state to host cells. For efficient replication and spread, viruses have evolved different strategies to antagonize IFN-mediated restriction. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between bunyaviruses and host innate immune response.

Keywords: antagonism; bunyaviruses; innate immunity; interferon; interferon-stimulated gene.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Bunyaviridae Infections* / immunology
  • Bunyaviridae Infections* / virology
  • Cytokines / immunology
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions / immunology
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate*
  • Interferons / immunology
  • Interferons / metabolism
  • Orthobunyavirus* / immunology
  • Signal Transduction
  • Vector Borne Diseases / immunology
  • Vector Borne Diseases / prevention & control
  • Vector Borne Diseases / virology
  • Virus Replication

Substances

  • Interferons
  • Cytokines

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. ML is supported by start-up funds from the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.