Synthetic, non-person related panoramic radiographs created by generative adversarial networks in research, clinical, and teaching applications

Rouven Schoenhof; Raoul Schoenhof; Gunnar Blumenstock; Bernd Lethaus; Sebastian Hoefert

doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105042

Synthetic, non-person related panoramic radiographs created by generative adversarial networks in research, clinical, and teaching applications

J Dent. 2024 May 4:146:105042. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105042. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Rouven Schoenhof¹, Raoul Schoenhof², Gunnar Blumenstock³, Bernd Lethaus⁴, Sebastian Hoefert⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Prof. Dr. Dr. B. Lethaus), University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. Electronic address: rouven.schoenhof@med.uni-tuebingen.de.
² Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research, Hansastraße 27c, 80686 München, Germany.
³ Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry (Head: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. P. Martus), University Hospital Tuebingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
⁴ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Prof. Dr. Dr. B. Lethaus), University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.

PMID: 38710314
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105042

Abstract

Objectives: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) can produce synthetic images free from personal data. They hold significant value in medical research, where data protection is increasingly regulated. Panoramic radiographs (PRs) are a well-suited modality due to their significant level of standardization while simultaneously displaying a high degree of personally identifiable data.

Methods: We produced synthetic PRs (syPRs) out of real PRs (rePRs) using StyleGAN2-ADA by NVIDIA©. A survey was performed on 54 medical professionals and 33 dentistry students. They assessed 45 radiological images (20 rePRs, 20 syPRs, and 5 syPRcontrols) as real or synthetic and interpreted a single-image syPR according to the image quality (0-10) and 14 different items (agreement/disagreement). They also rated the importance for the profession (0-10). A follow-up was performed for test-retest reliability with >10 % of all participants.

Results: Overall, the sensitivity was 78.2 % and the specificity was 82.5 %. For professionals, the sensitivity was 79.9 % and the specificity was 82.3 %. For students, the sensitivity was 75.5 % and the specificity was 82.7 %. In the single syPR-interpretation image quality was rated at a median of 6 and 11 items were considered as agreement. The importance for the profession was rated at a median score of 7. The Test-retest reliability yielded a value of 0.23 (Cohen's kappa).

Conclusions: The study marks a comprehensive testing to demonstrate that GANs can produce synthetic radiological images that even health professionals can sometimes not differentiate from real radiological images, thereby being genuinely considered authentic. This enables their utilization and/or modification free from personally identifiable information.

Clinical significance: Synthetic images can be used for university teaching and patient education without relying on patient-related data. They can also be utilized to upscale existing training datasets to improve the accuracy of AI-based diagnostic systems. The study thereby supports clinical teaching as well as diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Dental radiology; Non-personal data; Panoramic radiographs; Synthetic data.