Is it necessary to graft the void defect during open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures?

Abstract

Purpose: There are still controversies on the effect of grafting during open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneal fractures. The aim of this study was to compare the radiological and functional outcomes in patients with or without intraoperative grafting.

Methods: In a comparative retrospective study, among 442 operatively-treated calcaneal fractures, 60 patients with unilateral closed sanders type II intraarticular calcaneal fracture who underwent ORIF via lateral extensile approach using locking anatomical plates with at least 1 year follow-up without any postoperative wound complication were enrolled. The patients were separated into 2 groups: with bone allograft and without bone allograft. The functional outcome of the patients was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scale, foot function index (FFI), and short-form (SF-36) health survey. Radiographic variables included Böhler angle, Gissane angle, calcaneal width, calcaneal height, and talar declination angle. Also, the differences (delta) of these values in comparison to the uninjured foot were calculated.

Results: The mean age was 39.1 ± 12.7 (range, 13-67) years with 54 males, 90.0%. No statistically significant differences were detected in age, gender, affected side, and subtypes of calcaneal fractures between the two groups (p > 0.05). The average follow-up was 25.1 (range, 12-48) months. The differences for all radiographic measurements and also, the delta values between the groups were not statistically significant, except talar declination angle which was more in cases without grafting (p = 0.007). Although the differences between the two groups regarding AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale (p = 0.257), VAS for pain (p = 0.645), and FFI (p = 0.261) were not statistically significant; the group with bone graft experienced less pain (19.7 ± 22.0) than the other group (26.7 ± 22.8). The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.87) according to the SF-36 questionnaire.

Conclusions: Incorporating allografts into the void defects during ORIF of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures may not improve functional outcomes and recover postoperative radiological parameters. Therefore, routine use of allograft to fill the defects during ORIF of calcaneus may not be recommended. Of note, that these findings solely relate to the treatment of Sanders type II fractures.

Level of evidence iii: Comparative retrospective study.

Keywords: Bohler’s angle; Calcaneal fracture; Calcaneus; Graft; Open reduction; Outcome.