Dietary inflammatory impact on NAFLD development in obese vs. lean individuals: an analysis based on NHANES 2003-2018

Lurao Li; Xiawen Shu; Yun Yi; Chun Wang; Jianghui Li; Yang Ding; Jin Li; Ying Chang

doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02082-4

Dietary inflammatory impact on NAFLD development in obese vs. lean individuals: an analysis based on NHANES 2003-2018

Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Apr 29;23(1):127. doi: 10.1186/s12944-024-02082-4.

Authors

Lurao Li^#^{1

2}, Xiawen Shu^#^{1

2}, Yun Yi^{1

2}, Chun Wang^{1

2}, Jianghui Li^{1

2}, Yang Ding^{1

2}, Jin Li³, Ying Chang^{4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
² Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
³ Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China. zn000860@whu.edu.cn.
⁴ Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China. changying@whu.edu.cn.
⁵ Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China. changying@whu.edu.cn.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 38685122
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02082-4

Abstract

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), often linked with obesity, can also affect individuals with normal weight, a condition known as "lean NAFLD", imposing comparable burdens and adverse effects. However, the impact of diet on lean NAFLD remains underexplored. The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and NAFLD among Americans, stratified by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI).

Methods: Five thousand one hundred fifty-two participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018 were comprised in the final analysis. NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis were diagnosed by serological markers. Lean and abdominal lean individuals were identified using BMI and WHtR, separately. DII was determined by assigning scores to 28 distinct food parameters based on their inflammatory potential, obtained from the NAHNES website. Differences across DII quartiles were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Chi-Square Test along with One-Way ANOVA. The correlation between DII and NAFLD was determined by multiple regression models and subgroup analyses.

Results: Among the 5152 subjects, 2503 were diagnosed with NAFLD, including 86 cases of lean NAFLD and 8 cases of abdominal lean NAFLD. DII was positively linked with NAFLD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.81 [1.48-2.21], P < 0.001) and advanced liver fibrosis (OR = 1.46 [1.02-2.07], P = 0.037). Further analysis revealed that this association was primarily observed in obese or abdominal obese participants (In BMI ≥ 25.00 kg/m^2, OR = 1.56 [1.23-1.98], P < 0.001. In WHtR> 0.50, OR = 1.48 [1.23-1.79], P < 0.001.), rather than their lean counterparts. Subgroup analyses indicated that female individuals, without a diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes appeared to be more sensitive to the rise in DII.

Conclusions: Our data demonstrated a significant positive correlation between DII and NAFLD in the general population. However, the impact of a pro-inflammatory diet was less prominent in lean individuals compared to obese ones.

Keywords: Abdominal obesity; BMI; DII; Lean individuals; NAFLD; WHtR.

MeSH terms

Adult
Body Mass Index*
Diet / adverse effects
Female
Humans
Inflammation*
Liver Cirrhosis / epidemiology
Liver Cirrhosis / pathology
Male
Middle Aged
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease* / complications
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease* / pathology
Nutrition Surveys*
Obesity* / complications
Risk Factors
Thinness / complications
Waist-Height Ratio