Infrared spectroscopy for fast screening of diabetes and periodontitis

Sara Maria Santos Dias da Silva; Camila Lopes Ferreira; Jaqueline Maria Brandão Rizzato; Giovana Dos Santos Toledo; Monique Furukawa; Emanuel Silva Rovai; Marcelo Saito Nogueira; Luis Felipe das Chagas E Silva de Carvalho

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104106

Infrared spectroscopy for fast screening of diabetes and periodontitis

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2024 Apr 25:46:104106. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104106. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Sara Maria Santos Dias da Silva¹, Camila Lopes Ferreira¹, Jaqueline Maria Brandão Rizzato¹, Giovana Dos Santos Toledo¹, Monique Furukawa¹, Emanuel Silva Rovai², Marcelo Saito Nogueira³, Luis Felipe das Chagas E Silva de Carvalho⁴

Affiliations

¹ Science Health Post-graduate Program, University of Taubaté - UNITAU, SP, Brazil.
² Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
³ Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: marcelosaitonogueira@gmail.com.
⁴ Science Health Post-graduate Program, University of Taubaté - UNITAU, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitário Braz Cubas, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil. Electronic address: luisfelipecarvalho@hotmail.com.

PMID: 38677501
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104106

Abstract

Significance: FT-IR is an important and emerging tool, providing information related to the biochemical composition of biofluids. It is important to demonstrate that there is an efficacy in separating healthy and diseased groups, helping to establish FT-IR uses as fast screening tool.

Aim: Via saliva diagnosis evaluate the accuracy of FT-IR associate with machine learning model for classification among healthy (control group), diabetic (D) and periodontitis (P) patients and the association of both diseases (DP).

Approach: Eighty patients diagnosed with diabetes and periodontitis through conventional methods were recruited and allocated in one of the four groups. Saliva samples were collected from participants of each group (n = 20) and were processed using Bruker Alpha II spectrometer in a FT-IR spectral fingerprint region between 600 and-1800 cm^-1, followed by data preprocessing and analysis using machine learning tools.

Results: Various FTI-R peaks were detectable and attributed to specific vibrational modes, which were classified based on confusion matrices showed in paired groups. The highest true positive rates (TPR) appeared between groups C vs D (93.5 % ± 2.7 %), groups C vs. DP (89.2 % ± 4.1 %), and groups D and P (90.4 % ± 3.2 %). However, P vs DP presented higher TPR for DP (84.1 % ±3.1 %) while D vs. DP the highest rate for DP was 81.7 % ± 4.3 %. Analyzing all groups together, the TPR decreased.

Conclusion: The system used is portable and robust and can be widely used in clinical environments and hospitals as a new diagnostic technique. Studies in our groups are being conducted to solidify and expand data analysis methods with friendly language for healthcare professionals. It was possible to classify healthy patients in a range of 78-93 % of accuracy. Range over 80 % of accuracy between periodontitis and diabetes were observed. A general classification model with lower TPR instead of a pairwise classification would only have advantages in scenarios where no prior patient information is available regarding diabetes and periodontitis status.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; FTIR; Machine learning; Periodontitis; Saliva.