Accretionary prisms are composed mainly of ancient marine sediment scraped from the subducting oceanic plate at convergent plate boundaries. Anoxic groundwater is stored in deep aquifers associated with accretionary prisms and can be collected via deep wells. We investigated how such groundwater pumping affects the microbial community in a deep aquifer. Groundwater samples were collected from a deep well drilled down to 1500 m every six months (five times in total) after completion of deep well construction and the start of groundwater pumping. Next-generation sequencing and clone-library analyses of 16S rRNA genes were used to describe the subterranean microbial communities in the samples. The archaea: the prokaryote ratio in groundwater increased significantly from 1 to 7% (0 and 7 months after initiating groundwater pumping) to 59 to 72% (13, 19, and 26 months after initiating groundwater pumping), and dominant prokaryotes changed from fermentative bacteria to sulfate-reducing archaea. The optimal growth temperature of the sulfate-reducing archaea, estimated based on the guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their 16S rRNA genes, was 48-52 °C, which agreed well with the groundwater temperature at the deep-well outflow. Our results indicated that, in deep aquifers, groundwater pumping enhances groundwater flow, and the supply of sulfate-containing seawater activates the metabolism of thermophilic sulfate-reducing archaea.
Keywords: archaeal community; deep well; fermentative bacteria; groundwater flow; growth temperature estimation; guanine-plus-cytosine content; sulfate-reducing archaea.