Central Nervous System Distributional Kinetics of Selected Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Abstract

Histone deacetylase expression and activity are often dysregulated in central nervous system (CNS) tumors, providing a rationale for investigating histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) in selected brain tumor patients. Although many HDACIs have shown potential in in vitro studies, they have had modest efficacy in vivo This lack of activity could be due to insufficient CNS exposure to the unbound drug. In this study, we investigated the systemic pharmacokinetics and subsequent CNS distribution of two potent HDACIs, vorinostat and quisinostat, in the murine model. Both compounds undergo in vitro degradation in mouse plasma, requiring precautions during sample processing. They also have short half-lives in vivo, in both plasma and CNS, which may lead to diminished efficacy. Transgenic transporter-deficient mouse models show that the CNS delivery of vorinostat was not limited by the two major blood-brain barrier efflux transporters, p-glycoprotein and breast-cancer-resistance protein. Vorinostat had an unbound CNS tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient of 0.06 {plus minus} 0.02. Conversely, the exposure of unbound quisinostat in the brain was only 0.02 {plus minus} 0.001 of that in the plasma, and the CNS distribution of quisinostat was limited by the activity of p-glycoprotein. To gain further context for these findings, the CNS distributional kinetics for vorinostat and quisinostat were compared to another hydroxamic acid HDACI, panobinostat. A comprehensive understanding of the CNS target exposure to unbound HDACI, along with known potencies from in vitro testing, can inform the prediction of a therapeutic window for HDACIs that have limited CNS exposure to unbound drug and guide targeted dosing strategies. Significance Statement This study indicates that quisinostat and vorinostat are susceptible to enzymatic degradation in the plasma, and to a lesser degree, in the target CNS tissues. Employing techniques that minimize the post-sampling degradation in plasma, brain and spinal cord, accurate CNS distributional kinetic parameters for these potentially useful compounds were determined. A knowledge of CNS exposure (K_p,uu), time to peak, and duration can inform dosing strategies in preclinical and clinical trials in selected CNS tumors.

Keywords: Transporter-mediated drug/metabolite disposition; blood-brain barrier; cancer chemotherapy; pharmacokinetic.