Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has been studied in several human and canine cancers with some promising clinical outcomes but not in canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM). Our manuscript aimed to explore one kind of ACT, the ex vivo-expanded autologous immune cell infusion in canine OMM, as this tumor remains a treatment dilemma. The study recruited dogs with histopathological diagnoses of oral malignant melanoma, generated their peripheral blood mononuclear cells, expanded them into predominantly non-B non-T cells via stimulations of IL-15, IL-2, and IL-21, and then re-infused the cells into tumor-bearing dogs. Ten dogs were enrolled; three dogs did not report any adverse events; three had a mildly altered appetite; one had a mildly increased liver index, while the other three developed suspected anaphylaxis at different levels. The median progression-free interval was 49 days. Dogs with progressive disease during treatment had a shorter survival. This pilot study indicates limited efficacy with potential adverse events of this ACT. Most recruited patients were in a later stage and had macroscopic disease, which might affect the treatment efficacy. Further exploration of this cell therapy in an adjuvant setting, with adequate protocol modification and standardization, could still be considered.
Keywords: adoptive cell therapy; dog; immunotherapy; natural killer cell; oral malignant melanoma.